the Lutheran theology, and these controversies
occupied the Anglican theologians of the time. The author did not
expand on these subjects, nor even indicate his support or
opposition to them, as it was not necessary for the story.

At this time, as in many other times, the evangelical Christians
were in the forefront of movements to help poor and downtrodden
people, but other elements were attempting to become involved,
promoting their own methods and beliefs. Karl Marx was not known
in England, and the Russian Revolution was still in the distant
future, but a few radical left-wing idealists know as Chartists
and Swings were beginning to be heard on campus, and Tom gets
briefly involved with them, speaking up for the poor, but
realizes their destructive ideas cannot be reconciled with proper
Christian behavior, thus voicing some of the author's views on
social reforms. The author later in life got involved with a
communal living experiment.

Some words and expressions are used differently today than they
were used in the nineteenth century. For example, when Tom says
"There must always be some blackguards," he means "Regrettably
there will always be blackguards," not "We ought to have some
blackguards". Katie and Tom discuss "profane" poetry, in the
sense of being secular and not sacred or religious. Mary weighs
"8 stone", which is 112 pounds or 50 kilograms, and "famously" is
used in the sense of being well done, not in the incorrect modern
use of being well known. A "twelve-horse screw" is the propeller
of a steam launch. To "give someone a character" is to speak or
write about their moral character, either favorably or
slanderously.

The book which I scanned using Optical Character Recognition was
printed in the 1888-92 period by John W. Lovell of 150 Worth St.
New York. Lovell has been described as a book pirate who tried to
form a monopoly in the cheap uncopyrighted book trade. The US
copyright laws were rather weak in the nineteenth century, and
Charles Dickens was particularly hurt by pirates. There was even
a book war, with rival publishers of the same book undercutting
each other on price. Proof reading was done with another copy of
the book published in 1888 by Porter & Coates of Philadelphia,
which is in poorer condition with water damage, and would not
scan well, but has fewer typesetting errors.

Nineteenth century punctuation made much more use of commas,
hyphens and semicolons, and these have been