, 1777; _Howe's
Narrative_, pp. 12-24.

[128] _Life of Shelburne_, i., 358-59.

[129] Germain to Carleton, March 26, 1777, Add. MS. 21,697, f. 161;
_Howe's Narrative_, p. 15.

[130] Howe to Carlton, April 2 and June 16, 1777, printed in _Fugitive
Pieces_, p. 126; Howe to Burgoyne, July 17, in _Evidence Concerning the
War_ (1779), pp. 77-78; _Howe's Narrative_, pp. 21-23; Howe's
_Observations on Letters_, etc., p. 61; Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, pp.
280-81.

[131] Clinton to Burgoyne, Dec. 16, 1777, Fonblanque's _Burgoyne_, pp.
324-25; _Parl. Hist._, xix., 611.

[132] Du Portail to the Comte de St. Germain, Nov. 12, 1777, Stedman,
i., 386.

[133] Correspondence between Germain and Howe, _Hist. MSS. Comm.
Report_, vi., App., p. 402.

[134] Here, and in other passages treating of the American revolutionary
war, much valuable help has been given me by Colonel E. M. Lloyd, late
R.E.

CHAPTER X.

WAR WITH FRANCE AND SPAIN.

The surrender of Burgoyne's army was eagerly used by the opposition as
an opportunity for harassing the government. The nation at large showed
a worthier spirit by seeking to repair its loss. Manchester, Liverpool,
Edinburgh, and Glasgow each raised a regiment; and other regiments and
companies were raised in the Highlands and in Wales. In London and
Bristol the corporations refused to join the movement, but large sums
were subscribed by private persons for raising troops. The opposition
absurdly maintained that these levies were unconstitutional, and Fox
accounted for the zeal displayed by Manchester and Scotland by observing
that they were "accustomed to disgrace". The ministers were bitterly
reproached for employing Germans and Indians. "If," said Chatham, "I
were an American, while a foreign troop was landed in my country, I
would never lay down my arms--never--never--never." He condemned the
employment of Indians in the war in words of fiery eloquence. It was
certainly deplorable that they should have been employed. In that
matter, however, England had no choice. They would have taken part in
the war on one side or the other. They had fought in every war between
the English and French in America, and while Pitt himself was conducting
the war in 1760 Amherst used them with the authority of government.[135]
In the present war the Americans were the first to employ them, and in
1776 congress resolved that it was expedient to do so a