ht, and if required
by a magistrate must, assist in suppressing riots and preventing acts of
treason and felony, and that the red coat of a soldier neither
disqualified him from performing the duty of a citizen nor would protect
him if he transgressed it. The riots seem to have improved the position
of the government, for the appeal to popular feeling and the formation
of associations by which the whigs brought pressure on parliament were
discredited by them, and for the moment common danger allayed political
animosity.

FOOTNOTES:

[135] _Parl. Hist._, xix., 368-70, 409, 411, 509-12.

[136] The Bute Transaction, MSS. Pitt Papers 14; Stanhope, _History_,
vi., 213.

[137] Lecky, _History_, iv., 83.

[138] Rockingham to Chatham, Jan. 21, 1778, _Chatham Corr._, iv., 488;
Burke to Rockingham, Nov. 5, 1777, _Works_, ii., 357.

[139] _Memorials of C. J. Fox_, i., 211-12; Sir G. C. Lewis,
_Administrations of Great Britain_, p. 16.

[140] _Memorials of C. J. Fox_, i., 180, 306-23.

[141] These figures present a difficulty. The votes 1771-78 appear to
have been, for ordinary expenses L3,303,233, for 'extraordinaries'
L2,232,694 = L5,535,927. Clowes, _Royal Navy_, iii., 327.

[142] On this subject generally see _Parl. Hist._, xix., 728-30, 818-34,
874-95, xx., 204-38, 372 _sqq._; Mahan, _Influence of Sea Power_, pp.
337-41; MS. Admiralty Miscell., 567, R.O.; Keppel, _Life of Keppel_,
ii., 15, 19, 21.

[143] Mahan, _Influence of Sea Power_, pp. 421 _sqq._, 523 _sqq._

[144] Hannay, _Rodney_, pp. 117-31; Mahan, _Influence of Sea Power_, pp.
378-81.

CHAPTER XI.

YORKTOWN AND THE KING'S DEFEAT.

In 1780 England's enemies increased in number and her isolation was
complete. From early times all belligerent nations subjected to capture
the goods of an enemy in neutral ships. This usage was interrupted only
by treaties. It was specially disliked by the Dutch, as great carriers
by sea, and they made many treaties with different powers, stipulating
that goods carried in their ships, not being contraband, should be free.
In 1778 France, in order to injure England, declared its adoption of the
principle that neutral ships made neutral goods. The lesser Baltic
nations, which largely exported naval material, were anxious to protect
their commerce from England, specially as she was rigorous in her view
with regard to contraband goods; and they looked to Russia to hel