, _Life of
Rodney_, ii., 222-50; _Ann. Reg._, xxv. (1782), 252-57.

[168] Mahan, _Influence of Sea Power_, pp. 420-56.

[169] _Life of Shelburne_, iii., 175.

[170] _Life of Shelburne_, iii., 174-221; _Memorials of C. J. Fox_, i.,
330-87, 468-80; Lewis, _Administrations of Great Britain_, pp. 31-49;
Lecky, _History_, iv., 226-35.

[171] _Parl. Hist._, xxiii., 163, 177.

[172] Jones, _Hist. of New York_, ii., 241-55, 497-509, 645-63; Sabine,
_American Loyalists_, pp. 70, 86, 107-12.

[173] _Life of Shelburne_, iii., 305, 312-14; Anson, _Grafton_, pp.
346-50.

[174] _Ann. Reg._, xxvi. (1783), 176.

[175] Forrest, _State Papers, India_, i., Introd., xxxiii-xlviii; ii.,
298-414; Sir A. Lyell, _Warren Hastings_, pp. 60-74; Sir J. F. Stephen,
_Story of Nuncomar_.

[176] Lady Minto, _Life of Lord Minto_, i., 90; Wilberforce, _Life of
Wilberforce_, i., 48.

[177] Anson, _Law of the Constitution_, ii., 129.

CHAPTER XIII.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS.

(1760-1801.)

The first forty-one years of the reign are marked by important social
and economic changes, some of which began earlier, and some were not
fully carried out till later. Though the cursory review of them
attempted in this chapter will extend beyond the date which we have
already reached, it seems time to say something of such matters, and a
look ahead will make the later narrative more complete and intelligible.
With the painful exception of a deterioration in the condition of the
poor, these changes were for the better. Manners became more decent,
pity was more easily evoked by human suffering, and culture more widely
diffused. Moral improvement may be traced to a revival of practical
religion and to a general reaction from the artificial cast of thought
of earlier days, while as forces on the same side may be reckoned the
influence of the king and, in a greater degree, that exercised by a
number of distinguished men such as Johnson and Burke. Ideas elaborated
and propounded by French philosophers shook the smug satisfaction of the
world in what was hard, shallow, and insincere, and combined with the
stress of a great war to complete the slow progress of a change in
English taste. After long hesitation literature and art finally turned
from unreality and convention, and drew inspiration direct from nature.
As regards material progress, manufactures and comm