d medicine preserved and
studied; he also promoted better ideas of medicine and embodied them in
laws.

Men of science also rose, in the stricter sense of the word, even in
the centuries under the most complete sway of theological thought and
ecclesiastical power; a science, indeed, alloyed with theology, but
still infolding precious germs. Of these were men like Arnold of
Villanova, Bertrand de Gordon, Albert of Bollstadt, Basil Valentine,
Raymond Lully, and, above all, Roger Bacon; all of whom cultivated
sciences subsidiary to medicine, and in spite of charges of sorcery,
with possibilities of imprisonment and death, kept the torch of
knowledge burning, and passed it on to future generations.(304)

(304) For the progress of sciences subsidiary to medicine even in the
darkest ages, see Fort, pp. 374, 375; also Isensee, Geschichte der
Medicin, pp. 225 et seq.; also Monteil, p. 89; Heller, Geschichte der
Physik, vol. i, bk. 3; also Kopp, Geschichte der Chemie. For Frederick
II and his Medicinal-Gesetz, see Baas, p. 221, but especially Von
Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstaufen, Leipsic, 1872, vol. iii, p. 259.

From the Church itself, even when the theological atmosphere was
most dense, rose here and there men who persisted in something like
scientific effort. As early as the ninth century, Bertharius, a monk of
Monte Cassino, prepared two manuscript volumes of prescriptions selected
from ancient writers; other monks studied them somewhat, and, during
succeeding ages, scholars like Hugo, Abbot of St. Denis,--Notker, monk
of St. Gall,--Hildegard, Abbess of Rupertsberg,--Milo, Archbishop of
Beneventum,--and John of St. Amand, Canon of Tournay, did something for
medicine as they understood it. Unfortunately, they generally understood
its theory as a mixture of deductions from Scripture with dogmas from
Galen, and its practice as a mixture of incantations with fetiches.
Even Pope Honorius III did something for the establishment of medical
schools; but he did so much more to place ecclesiastical and theological
fetters upon teachers and taught, that the value of his gifts may well
be doubted. All germs of a higher evolution of medicine were for ages
well kept under by the theological spirit. As far back as the sixth
century so great a man as Pope Gregory I showed himself hostile to the
development of this science. In the beginning of the twelfth century the
Council of Rheims interdicted the study of law and physic to