or, and as such they have always been recognized by
the Government of these Islands (p. 239).

A great part of the Philippine inhabitants, that is to say,
that which lives in the barrios and places more or less
isolated and inaccessible, is about to be civilized (esta
casi por civilizar) (p. 247).

Referring to the mass of the people the same father says:

The masters devoted as they are, save in a few honorable
exceptions, to their proper interests, have ignored completely
the instruction of these unhappy ones in their religious duties
* * * and their children, given over to the pasture of work
animals, are reared in the midst of the most stupid ignorance
(p. 254).

Later the author adds:

To give the Indio means of instruction and to place him in
condition to benefit from it, and while this is not done,
and until now this has not been done as we shall later show,
is to concede rights to him who does not know how to appreciate
what he deserves to the disgrace of the Spanish name and to
the shame of the Spaniards in these Islands (p. 288).

Says the same Friar Ruiz:

And altho they are inimical to going to schools (the Indios)
and to sending their children, it is because it is nothing but
for wasting time since they learn nothing * * *. Furthermore,
the towns are so crowded with ignorant teachers that without
consulting anybody they establish private schools paid for
by the parents of the children. Thus they learn what little
good and a great deal of bad which they possess, to whom
they teach Cartilla, and something of reading and writing,
utilizing as texts for both the books called Corridos, which
are full of anachronisms, errors, and absurdities of all kinds
* * *. They also learn something of the Catechism (p. 337).

The places for the schools besides being bad are completely
abandoned, and many are in ruins (p. 339).

There is no order in the school, and each one goes in and
out without permission whenever he pleases (p. 440).

Recognition of a Dominican

Fray Jose M. Ruiz very faithfully recognizes the lamentable state in
which the so-called public instruction in the Philippines was found
outside of Manila where things were not so bad. From his standpoint it
was necessary to teach Spanish and at least to give to the Filipinos
books in the dialects, from whic