hich
will be published here on Sunday."[650] Clement knew that his motives
would not bear scrutiny, and he tried to avoid public odium by a
characteristic subterfuge. Catherine could hope for no justice in
England, Henry could expect no justice at Rome. Political expediency
would dictate a verdict in Henry's favour in England; political
expediency would dictate a verdict for Catherine at Rome. Henry's
ambassadors were instructed to appeal from Clement to the "true Vicar
of Christ," but where was the true Vicar of Christ to be found on (p. 227)
earth?[651] There was no higher tribunal. It was intolerable that
English suits should be decided by the chances and changes of French
or Habsburg influence in Italy, by the hopes and the fears of an
Italian prince for the safety of his temporal power. The natural and
inevitable result was the separation of England from Rome.

[Footnote 647: _Ibid._, iv., 154.]

[Footnote 648: _L. and P._, iv., 5705, 5767; _cf.
Sp. Cal._, iv., 150.]

[Footnote 649: _L. and P._, iv., 5779; _Sp. Cal._,
iv., 117, 161.]

[Footnote 650: _L. and P._, iv., 5780; _Sp. Cal._,
iv., 156. Another detail was the excommunication of
Zapolya, the rival of the Habsburgs in Hungary--a
step which Henry VIII. denounced as "letting the
Turk into Hungary" (_L. and P._, v., 274).]

[Footnote 651: _L. and P._, iv., 5650, 5715.]

CHAPTER IX. (p. 228)

THE CARDINAL'S FALL.[652]

[Footnote 652: See, besides the documents cited,
Busch, _Der Sturz des Cardinals Wolsey_ (Hist.
Taschenbuch, VI., ix., 39-114).]

The loss of their spiritual jurisdiction in England was part of the
price paid by the Popes for their temporal possessions in Italy. The
papal domains were either too great or too small. If the Pope was to
rely on his temporal power, it should have been extensive enough to
protect him from the dictation and resentment of secular princes; and
from this point of view there was no little justification for the aims
of Julius II. Had he succeeded in driving the barbarians across the
Alps or into the sea, he and his successors might in safety have
judged the world, and the breach with Henry mi