sanctions 397
Martial law and constitutional limitations 398
Martial law in Hawaii 400
Case of the Nazi saboteurs 401
War crimes cases 402
President as commander of the forces 403
Commander in chief a civilian officer 404
Presidential advisers 405
The Cabinet 405
Pardons and reprieves 406
Legal nature of a pardon 406
Qualification of above theory 407
Scope of the power 408
"Offenses against the United States"; contempt of court 408
Effects of a pardon: Ex parte Garland 409
Limits to the efficacy of a pardon 410
Congress and Amnesty 411
Clauses 2 and 3. Treaties and appointment of officers 412
Treaty-making power 412
President and Senate 412
Negotiation a Presidential monopoly 412
Treaties as law of the land 413
Origin of the conception 414
Treaty rights versus State power 415
Recent cases 417
When is a treaty self-executing; when not 417
Constitutional freedom of Congress with respect to
treaties 418
Treaty-making power and revenue laws 419
Congressional repeal of treaties 420
Treaties versus prior acts of Congress 421
Interpretation and termination of treaties as
international compacts 423
Termination of treaties by notice 423
Determination whether a treaty has lapsed 425
Status of a treaty a political question 426
Treaties and the "necessary and p