ment in the English language consists of French
words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who
conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.

I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially
Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and
by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with
them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two
centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the
native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with
an immense infusion of French words.

II. French-Latin words--that is, Latin words introduced through the
French--can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed
in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language.
Thus--

LATIN. FRENCH. ENGLISH.

inimi'cus ennemi enemy
pop'ulus peuple people
se'nior sire sir

8. OTHER ELEMENTS.--In addition to its primary constituents--namely, the
Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin--the English vocabulary contains a
large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian,
Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from
miscellaneous sources.

The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources;
that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and
Greek:--

_Hebrew_: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph.

_Arabic_: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan,
chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob,
sultan.

_Turkish_: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip.

_Persian_: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise,
orange, paradise, pasha, turban.

_Hindustani_: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy.

_Malay_: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango.

_Chinese_: nankeen, tea.

_Polynesian_: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo.

_American Indian_: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco,
tomahawk, tomato, wigwam.

_Celtic_: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey.

_Scandinavian_: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap,
plough.

_Dutch, or Hollandish_: block, boom, bowsprit, re