sides this difference in form, there is also a
difference in material. The ruder forms not being of jasper and allied
minerals, but are almost exclusively of argillite.<65> In addition to
the foregoing, we must consider the different positions they occupy--the
former being found only on or near the surface, the latter deeply buried
within. These different reasons all point to the same conclusion: that
is, that the Indians were preceded in this country by some other people,
who manufactured the Paleolithic specimens recently discovered.

In Europe, Prof. Dawkins, as we have seen, maintains that the Cave-men
were the predecessors of the Eskimos. This may serve us as a point of
departure in the inquiry as to who the pre-Indian people were? It is
manifest, however, that we must have some ground on which to base this
theory. The Eskimo seem to belong to the Arctic region, as naturally as
the white bear and the walrus. At the early time we are considering
in America, glaciers had not retreated very far. So his climatic
surroundings must have been much the same as at present. But the Eskimo
may not live where he does now by choice: we may behold in him a people
driven from a fairer heritage, who found the ice-fields of the North
more endurable than the savage enemy who envied him his possession. It
seems very reasonable to suppose that the Eskimos long inhabited this
country before the arrival of the Indians, if it was not, in fact, their
original home.

Mention has been made of the Eskimo traits still to be observed among
the tribes of California. Prof. Putnam thinks that this fact can best
be explained on the supposition that these tribes came in contact
with primitive Eskimo people.<66> Dr. Rink, from investigation of the
language and traditions of the different Eskimo tribes, thinks they are
of American origin, and must once have lived much farther south.<67> He
says, "The Eskimos appear to have been the last wave of an aboriginal
American race, which has spread over the continent from more genial
regions--following principally the rivers and water-courses, and
continually yielding to the pressure of the tribes behind them until
they have at last peopled the sea-coasts."<68> Mr. Dall, in his
explorations of the Aleutian Islands, comes to the same conclusion as
Dr. Rink. He says his own conclusions are, "that the Eskimos were
once inhabitants of the interior of North America--have much the same
distribution as the walrus,