where the double
wall was placed. With both of these works a ditch was dug outside the
wall. These works did not always consist simply of fortified headlands.
This cut is of a portion of the works formerly existing near Norwalk,
Ohio. The circular work, D, is shaped much like the sacred inclosures,
though not on so large a scale. In the larger work, at B, we notice a
truncated mound. The ditch is on the outside of the circles. This cut
is of a work formerly on the banks of the Black River. Here we have a
square inclosure, defended by two embankments and a ditch.

Illustration of Square Inclosure, Northern Ohio.-------

This class of works was formerly common not only in Ohio and Western
New York, but they were also to be observed in other sections of the
country. They existed alike in the valley of the two Miami Rivers, and
in that of the Scioto. They were also found throughout the South. Even
Wisconsin, the home of the effigy Mound Builders, is not destitute of
this class of remains. The peculiar interest attaching to them arises
from the fact that in some places, at least, we have good reason to
assign their construction to Indian tribes. Those of Western New York
were very thoroughly studied by Mr. Squier. When he commenced his
investigations, he was under the impression that he was dealing with
the remains of a people very similar, at least, to those who built the
massive works in the Ohio Valley and elsewhere, but he was led to the
conviction that they were the works of the Iroquois Indians, and
as further proof that such was the case, we are told that since the
palisades that once inclosed places known to be villages of the Iroquois
have disappeared, there is no difference to be observed between the
appearance of the ruins of such a village site and any of the earthworks
in Western New York. But we have just stated that the remains last
mentioned are identical with those found in Northern Ohio, and indeed
over a wide extent of country. The conclusion seems to be, then, that
one large class of works in many points resembling Mound Builders'
works, found widely distributed throughout the Mississippi Valley, were
really the works of Indians.<75> But we are approaching a subject we
do not wish to discuss just yet. We simply point out that not all the
remains of prehistoric people in the Mississippi Valley are referable to
the Mound Builders.

We have tried to point out the more important works that are ascribed