same as those of the original.

The cinematograph enables "living" or "animated pictures" of such
subjects as an army on the march, or an express train at full speed, to
be presented with marvellous distinctness and completeness of detail.
Machines of this kind have been devised in enormous numbers and used for
purposes of amusement under names (bioscope, biograph, kinetoscope,
mutograph, &c.) formed chiefly from combinations of Greek and Latin
words for life, movement, change, &c., with suffixes taken from such
words as [Greek: skopein], to see, [Greek: graphein], to depict; they
have also been combined with phonographic apparatus, so that, for
example, the music of a dance and the motions of the dancer are
simultaneously reproduced to ear and eye. But when they are used in
public places of entertainment, owing to the extreme inflammability of
the celluloid film and its employment in close proximity to a powerful
source of light and heat, such as is required if the pictures are to
show brightly on the screen, precautions must be taken to prevent, as
far as possible, the heat rays from reaching it, and effective means
must be provided to extinguish it should it take fire. The production of
films composed of non-inflammable material has also engaged the
attention of inventors.

See H.V. Hopwood, _Living Pictures_ (London, 1899), containing a
bibliography and a digest of the British patents, which is
supplemented in the _Optician_, vol. xviii. p. 85; Eugene Trutat, _La
Photographie animee_ (1899), which contains a list of the French
patents. For the camera see also PHOTOGRAPHY: _Apparatus_.

CINERARIA. The garden plants of this name have originated from a species
of _Senecio_, _S. cruentus_ (nat. ord. Compositae), a native of the
Canary Isles, introduced to the royal gardens at Kew in 1777. It was
known originally as _Cineraria cruenta_, but the genus _Cineraria_ is
now restricted to a group of South African species, and the Canary
Island species has been transferred to the large and widespread genus
_Senecio_. Cinerarias can be raised freely from seeds. For spring
flowering in England the seeds are sown in April or May in well-drained
pots or pans, in soil of three parts loam to two parts leaf-mould, with
one-sixth sand; cover the seed thinly with fine soil, and press the
surface firm. When the seedlings are large enough to handle, prick them
out in pans or pots of similar soil, and when more advanced