ce in the whole range of English furniture
there is nothing more enchanting than really good finished satin-wood
pieces. There can be little doubt that some of the beautiful furniture
designed by the Adams was actually painted by Cipriani himself. He also
occasionally designed handles for drawers and doors. Cipriani died at
Hammersmith in 1785 and was buried at Chelsea, where Bartolozzi erected
a monument to his memory. He had married an English lady, by whom he had
two sons.

CIRCAR, an Indian term applied to the component parts of a _subah_ or
province, each of which is administered by a deputy-governor. In English
it is principally employed in the name of the NORTHERN CIRCARS, used to
designate a now obsolete division of the Madras presidency, which
consisted of a narrow slip of territory lying along the western side of
the Bay of Bengal from 15 deg. 40' to 20 deg. 17' N. lat. These Northern
Circars were five in number, Chicacole, Rajahmundry, Ellore, Kondapalli
and Guntur, and their total area was about 30,000 sq. m.

The district corresponds in the main to the modern districts of Kistna,
Godavari, Vizagapatam, Ganjam and a part of Nellore. It was first
invaded by the Mahommedans in 1471; in 1541 they conquered Kondapalli,
and nine years later they extended their conquests over all Guntur and
the districts of Masulipatam. But the invaders appear to have acquired
only an imperfect possession of the country, as it was again wrested
from the Hindu princes of Orissa about the year 1571, during the reign
of Ibrahim, of the Kutb Shahi dynasty of Hyderabad or Golconda. In 1687
the Circars were added, along with the empire of Hyderabad, to the
extensive empire of Aurangzeb. Salabat Jang, the son of the nizam ul
mulk Asaf Jah, who was indebted for his elevation to the throne to the
French East India Company, granted them in return for their services the
district of Kondavid or Guntur, and soon afterwards the other Circars.
In 1759, by the conquest of the fortress of Masulipatam, the dominion of
the maritime provinces on both sides, from the river Gundlakamma to the
Chilka lake, was necessarily transferred from the French to the British.
But the latter left them under the administration of the nizam, with the
exception of the town and fortress of Masulipatam, which were retained
by the English East India Company. In 1765 Lord Clive obtained from the
Mogul emperor Shah Alam a grant of the five Circars. Hereupon the fort