peculiar
pantheistic conception. His doctrine appears to ignore the pretentious
authority of the church of his time and to refer to the earlier church
for authority. In so doing he incorporated the doctrine of emanation
advanced by the Neo-Platonists, which held that out of God, the supreme
unity, evolve the particular forms of goodness, and that eventually all
things will return to God. In like manner, in the creation of the
universe the species comes from the genera by a process of unfolding.

The complete development and extension of scholastic philosophy did not
come until the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The term
"scholastics" was first applied to those who taught in the cloister
schools founded by Charlemagne. It was at a later period applied to
the teachers of the seven liberal arts--grammar, rhetoric, and
dialectic, in the _Trivium,_ and arithmetic, geometry, music, and
astronomy, in the _Quadrivium_. Finally it was applied to all persons
who occupied themselves with science or philosophy. Scholastic
philosophy in its completed state represents an attempt to harmonize
the doctrines of the church with Aristotelian philosophy.

There were three especial doctrines developed in the scholastic
philosophy, called respectively nominalism, realism, and conceptualism.
The first asserted that there are no generic {354} types, and
consequently no abstract concepts. The formula used to express the
vital point in nominalism is "_Universalia post rem_." Its advocates
asserted that universals are but names. Roscellinus was the most
important advocate of this doctrine. In the fourteenth century William
of Occam revived the subject of nominalism, and this had much to do
with the downfall of scholasticism, for its inductive method suggested
the acquiring of knowledge through observation.

Realism was a revival of the Platonic doctrine that ideas are the only
real things. The formula for it was "_Universalia ante rem_." By it
the general name preceded that of the species. Universal concepts
represent the real; all else is merely illustrative of the real. The
only real sphere is the one held in the mind, mathematically correct in
every way. Balls and globes and other actual things are but the
illustrations of the genus. Perhaps Anselm was the strongest advocate
of this method of reasoning.

It remained for Abelard to unite these two theories of philosophical
reasoning into one, called conceptualism. He