account of their universal use and constant measure of
value cannot be overestimated.

_Transportation as a Means of Economic Development_.--Early methods of
carrying goods from one place to another were on the backs of human
beings. Many devices were made for economy of service and strength in
carrying. Bands over the shoulders and over the head were devised for
the purpose of securing the pack on the back. An Indian woman of the
Southwest would carry a large basket, or _keiho_, on her back, secured
by a band around her head for the support of the load. A Pueblo woman
will carry a large bowl filled with water or other material, on the top
of her head, balancing it by walking erect. Indeed, in more recent
times washerwomen in Europe, and of the colored race in America, carry
baskets of clothes and pails of water on their heads. The whole
process of the development of transportation came about through
invention to be relieved from this bodily service.

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As the dog was the first animal domesticated, he was early used to help
in transportation by harnessing him to a rude sled, or drag, by means
of which he pulled articles from one place to another. The Eskimos
have used dogs and the sled to a greater extent than any other race.
The use of the camel, the llama, the horse, and the ass for packing
became very common after their domestication. Huge packs were strapped
upon the backs of these animals, and goods thus transported from one
place to another. To such an extent was the camel used, even in the
historic period, for transportation in the Orient that he has been
called the "ship of the desert." The plains Indians had a method of
attaching two poles, one at each side of an Indian pony, which extended
backward, dragging on the ground. Upon these poles was built a little
platform, on which goods were deposited and thus transported from one
camp to another.

It must have been a long time before water transportation performed any
considerable economic service. It is thought by some that primitive
man conceived the idea of the use of water for transportation through
his experience of floating logs, or drifts, or his own process of
swimming and floating. Jack London pictures two primitives playing on
the logs near the shore of a stream. Subsequently the logs cast loose,
and the primitives were floated away from the shore. They learned by
putting their hands in the water and paddling that they could mak