l of man.

In a political way warfare developed tribal or national unity, and
bound more closely together the different groups in sympathy and common
interest. It thus became useful in the preparation for successful
civil government. It prepared some to rule and others to obey, and
divided the governing from the governed, an essential characteristic of
all forms of government. Military organization frequently accompanied
or preceded the formation of the modern state. Sparta and Rome, and in
more modern times Prussia, were built upon military foundations.

The effect of war in depopulating countries has proved a detriment to
civilization by disturbing economic and social development and by
destroying thousands of lives. Looking back over the track which the
human race has made in its persistent advance, it is easy to see that
the ravages of war are terrible. While ethical considerations have
entered into warfare and made its effects less terrible, it still is
deplorable. It is not a necessity to modern civilization for the {120}
development of intellectual or physical strength, nor for the
development of either patriotism or courage. Modern warfare is a relic
of barbarism, and the sooner we can avoid it the better. Social
progress means the checking of war in every way and the development of
the arts of peace. It is high time that the ethical process between
nations should take the place of the art of war.

_Mutual Aid Developed Slowly_.--Owing to ignorance and to the instinct
for self-preservation, man starts on his journey toward progress on an
individualistic and selfish basis. Gradually he learns to associate
with his fellows on a co-operative basis. The elements which enter
into this formal association are the exercise of a general blood
relationship, religion, economic life, social and political
organization. With the development of each of these, social order
progresses. Yet, in the clashing interests of individuals and tribes,
in the clumsy methods adopted in the mastery of nature, what a waste of
human energy; what a loss of human life! How long it has taken mankind
to associate on rational principles, to develop a pure home life, to
bring about toleration in religion, to develop economic co-operation,
to establish liberality in government, and to promote equality and
justice! By the rude master, experience, has man been taught all this
at an immense cost. Yet there was no other way possible.