not
always a town. But if rural areas are sometimes classed as towns, many
large outskirts of towns, practically partaking of the character of
the towns, are not included. The figures cited above may therefore be
regarded as a fairly accurate account of the growth of town life.

[272] Longstaff, "Rural Depopulation," _Journal of Stat. Soc._, Sept.
1893.

[273] Cf. Longstaff, _Studies in Statistics_, p. 157.

[274] These Canadian statistics are quoted from Dr. Longstaff's paper
in _Journal of Statistical Society_, Sept. 1893.

[275] _Report of Commissioners, etc._, vol. XXX. p. 65.

[276] Newsholm, _Vital Statistics_, p. 137. (Sonnenschein.)

[277] Vol. iv. p. 23.

[278] Levasseur, vol. ii. p. 402.

[279] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 155.

[280] _Diseases of Occupations_, p. 33.

[281] Dr. Arlidge, pp. 25, 26.

[282] Quoted by Professor Marshall, _Principles of Political Economy_,
p. 258. Cf. also _Statistical Society_, March 1873, for U.S.A.
statistics.

[283] Dr. Arlidge, p. 30.

[284] W.D. Morrison, "The Study of Crime," _Mind_, vol. i. N.S., No.
4.

[285] Levasseur, vol. ii. p. 456.

[286] _Claims of Labour_, p. 196.

[287] One of the specific advantages in America has been the absence
of any serious endeavour on the part of legislation to put down Truck.
The grossest abuses of Truck appear in country manufacturing towns of
the United States.

[288] J.S. Mackenzie, _An Introduction to Social Philosophy_, p. 101.

CHAPTER XIV.

CIVILISATION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT.

Sec. 1. _Imperfect Adjustment of Industrial Structure to its
Environment._
Sec. 2. _Reform upon the Basis of Private Enterprise and Free Trade._
Sec. 3. _Freedom and Transparency of Industry powerless to cure the
deeper Industrial Maladies._
Sec. 4. _Beginnings of Public Control of Machine-production._
Sec. 5. _Passage of Industries into a public Non-competitive
Condition._
Sec. 6. _The "raison d'etre" of Progressive Collectivism._
Sec. 7. _Collectivism follows the line of Monopoly._
Sec. 8. _Cases of "Arrested Development:" the Sweating Trades._
Sec. 9. _Retardation of rate of Progress in Collective Industries._
Sec. 10. _Will Official Machine-work absorb an Increasing Proportion
of Energy?_
Sec. 11. _Improved Quality of Consumption the Condition of Social
Progress._
Sec. 12. _The Highest Division of Labour between Machinery and Art._