mother with courtesy whilst they live; to bury
them with courtesy when they die, and to worship them with courtesy.

6. Meng Wu asked the duty of a son.

The Master said, He should not grieve his father and mother by
anything but illness.

7. Tzu-yu[12] asked the duty of a son.

[Footnote 12: A disciple.]

The Master said, He that can feed his parents is now called a good
son. But both dogs and horses are fed, and unless we honour our
parents, what is the difference?

8. Tzu-hsia[13] asked the duty of a son.

[Footnote 13: A disciple.]

The Master said, Our manner is the hard part. For the young to be a
stay in toil and leave the wine and food to their elders, is this to
fulfil their duty?

9. The Master said, If I talk all day to Hui,[14] like a dullard, he
never differs from me. But when he is gone, if I watch him when alone,
he can carry out what I taught. No, Hui is no dullard!

[Footnote 14: The disciple Yen Yuean.]

10. The Master said, See what he does; watch what moves him; search
what pleases him: can the man lie hidden? Can the man lie hidden?

11. The Master said, To keep old knowledge warm and get new makes the
teacher.

12. The Master said, A gentleman is not a vessel.

13. Tzu-kung[15] asked, What is a gentleman?

[Footnote 15: A disciple.]

The Master said, He puts words into deeds first, and follows these up
with words.

14. The Master said, A gentleman is broad and fair; the small man
takes sides and is narrow.

15. The Master said, Learning without thought is naught; thought
without learning is dangerous.

16. The Master said, To fight strange doctrines does harm.

17. The Master said, Yu,[16] shall I teach thee what is wisdom? To
know what we know, and know what we do not know, is wisdom.

[Footnote 16: The disciple Tzu-lu.]

18. Tsu-chang[17] learned with an eye to pay.

[Footnote 17: A disciple.]

The Master said, Hear much, leave all that is doubtful alone, speak
warily of everything else, and few will be offended. See much, leave
all that is dangerous alone, deal warily with everything else, and
thou wilt have little to rue. If thy words seldom give offence, and
thy deeds leave little to rue, pay will follow.

19. Duke Ai[18] asked, What should I do to win the people?

[Footnote 18: Of Lu.]

Confucius answered, Lift up the straight, put away the crooked; and
the people will be won. Lift up the crooked, put away the straight;
and the people will not be won.