rts. At times, however, a better
effect is obtained by the application of a bandage placed firmly around
the chest, although, while this limits the motion of the ribs, it is
liable to render the respiration more labored.

If there is displacement, with much accompanying pain and evident
irritation of the lungs, the fracture must be reduced without delay.
The means of effecting this vary according to whether the displacement
is outward or inward. In the first case the bone may be straightened by
pressure from without, while in the second the end of it must be raised
by a lever, for the introduction of which a small incision through the
skin and intercostal spaces will be necessary. When coaptation has been
effected it must be retained by the external application of an adhesive
mixture, with splints and bandages around the chest.

FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE PELVIS.

These fractures will be considered under their separate denominations,
as those of the sacrum and the os innominatum, or hip, which includes
the subdivisions of the ilium, the pubes, and the ischium.

_The sacrum._--Fractures of this bone are rarely met with among
solipeds. Among cattle, however, it is of common occurrence, being
attributed not only to the usual varieties of violence, as blows and
other external hurts, but to the act of coition and violent efforts in
parturition. It is generally of the transverse kind and may be
recognized by the deformity which it occasions. This is due to the
dropping of the bone, with a change in its direction and a lower
attachment of the tail, which also becomes more or less paralyzed. The
natural and spontaneous relief which usually interposes in these cases
has doubtless been observed by the extensive cattle breeders of the
West, and their practice and example fully establish the inutility of
interference. Still, cases may occur in which reduction may be
indicated, and it then becomes a matter of no difficulty. It is effected
by the introduction of a round, smooth piece of wood into the rectum as
far as the fragment of bone and using it as a lever, resting upon
another as a fulcrum placed under it outside. The bone, having been thus
returned, may be kept in place by the ordinary external means in use.

_The os innominatum._--Fracture of the ilium may be observed either at
the angle of the hip or at the neck of the bone; those of the pubes may
take place at the symphysis, or in the body of the bone; those of the