pad of thick leather. In smaller animals
the parts are retained by figure-8 bandages, embracing both the normal
and the diseased shoulders, crossing each other in the axilla and
covered with a coating of adhesive mixture.

FRACTURES OF THE HUMERUS.

These are more common in small than in large animals, and are always the
result of external traumatism, such as falls, kicks, and collisions.
They are generally very oblique, are often comminuted, and though more
usually involving the shaft of the bone will in some cases extend to the
upper end and into the articular head.

_Symptoms._--There is ordinarily considerable displacement in
consequence of the overlapping of the broken ends of the bone, and this
of course causes more or less shortening of the limb. There will also be
swelling, with difficulty of locomotion, and crepitation will be easy of
detection. This fracture is always a serious damage to the patient,
leaving him with a permanently shortened limb and an incurable, lifelong
lameness.

_Treatment._--If treatment is determined on, it will consist in the
reduction of the fracture by means of extension and counter extension,
to accomplish which the animal must be thrown. If successful in the
reduction, then follows the application and adjustment of the apparatus
of retention, which must be of the most perfect and efficient kind.
Finally, this, however skillfully contrived and carefully adapted, will
often fail to effect any good purpose whatever.

FRACTURES OF THE FOREARM.

A fracture in this region may also involve the radius or the ulna, the
latter being broken at times in its upper portion above the radio-ulnar
arch at the olecranon. If the fracture occurs at any part of the forearm
from the radio-ulnar arch down to the knee, it may involve either the
radius alone or the radius and the cubitus, which are there intimately
united.

_Cause._--Besides having the same etiology with most of the fractures,
those of the forearm are, nevertheless, more commonly due to kicks from
other animals, especially when crowded together in large numbers in
insufficient space. It is a matter of observation that under these
circumstances fractures of the incomplete kind are those which occur on
the inside of the leg, the bone being in that region almost entirely
subcutaneous, while those of the complete class are either oblique or
transverse. The least common are the longitudinal, in the long axis of
the bone.

_Symptom