oting for individuals representing
different parties, still the voting of a straight ticket is made most
easy.

Many States use the party-column principle of the Indiana ticket, but
modify the form of the ticket in various details. The party emblem is
sometimes omitted from the circle used in voting a straight picket, or
placed just above that circle. The square opposite each candidate's
name is sometimes placed after the name instead of before it; and is
usually left blank.

A _fourth_ form, namely, that of the _individual ballot_ as used in the
State of _New Jersey_, can not be here shown, as a separate ballot is
required for each party or each independent nomination. These separate
ballots are all _official_, and are furnished at public expense; but
the use of an _unofficial_ ballot is practically allowed, since the
voter is permitted to take to the voting booth a paster ballot
containing a complete party ticket, printed and furnished at party
expense. This he can paste over the official ballot and deposit as his
vote.

[Illustration 1: First form of ballot type: City Ballot--no party
names, candidate names in alphabetic order.]

[Illustration 2: Second form of ballot type: Massachusetts Official
Ballot.]

[Illustration 3: Third form of ballot type: Indiana State Ballot.]

SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS.

1. What is meant by the Australian ballot system?

2. Name some places in the United States in which a similar system of
reform has been adopted.

3. What are the essential principles of the system?

4. What are the necessary requirements for carrying out the law?

5. What is the object in providing official ballots?

6. Describe two kinds of polling booths used.

7. What are the obvious advantages of the reform?

8. Describe the characteristic forms of ballot used in various States
which have adopted the reform.

9. Mention the advantages and the disadvantages of the city ballot
shown on page 185.

10. Compare the Massachusetts ballot with the Indiana ballot, and note
their differences.

QUESTION FOR DEBATE.

Which system of voting is likely to secure the best public officers:
that represented in the city ballot of 1890, in the Massachusetts
ballot, or in the Indiana ballot?

CHAPTER XX.

PARTIES AND PARTY MACHINERY.

Wherever the right to vote exists, the people naturally form themselves
into political parties.

A _political party_ is an organization of voters maintained for the