ry its movement. Unfortunately, in all
arrangements of this sort, the plunger comes to a reluctant and weary
stop, as the roller of the lifter rounds the nose of the cam. When the
movement does finally end, the injection does not necessarily stop, as
the compressed fuel in the injection pipe is still left to dribble
miserably into the combustion chamber. To minimize this defect, the
designer has placed the pump and injector together in a single unit."

[Illustration: Figure 30.--Mechanism for retarding valve and
fuel-injection timing during starting (see also fig. 26). U.S. Navy
test, 1931. (Smithsonian photo A48324E.)]

[Illustration: Figure 31.--Upper--valve and fuel injector cam;
lower--fuel-injector cam used for starting. U.S. Navy test, 1931.
(Smithsonian photo A48325.)]

Starting System: On November 1, 1961, C. H. Wiegman, vice president of
engineering of the Lycoming Division of Avco Corporation wrote to the
Museum in part as follows:

Early in the development it became quite evident that cold starting
was a problem. This was finally worked out by Packard through the
use of glow plugs and speeding up the injectors during the cranking
period. It had been felt that during the slow cranking process we
were not vaporizing the fuel through the nozzles and that if we
could speed up the injection pumps during this period of cranking a
better vaporization could be obtained. Our tests showed that we
were right, and that the engine could be started quite easily at
minus 10 deg. F through the use of glow plugs. The method used for
speeding up the injection pumps was accomplished by utilizing a
crankshaft cam during the cranking period. The starter would shift
the running cam out of position allowing the crankshaft cam to take
over. After the engine fired, the starter was disengaged and the
running injector pump cam would assume its original position. The
starting cam would be run at engine speed during cranking, and the
running cam at 1/8 reverse engine speed during engine operation.
The shifting was accomplished by a pin-in-slot and spring
arrangement to change the indexing of the cams to starting position
and return.

An Eclipse electric starter with an oversized flywheel was used....
This was powered by a double-sized battery.

Development

Air Shutters: The first engines had no provision for throttling