id of the teaching of Murray and others, that, "The
participle with its adjuncts may be considered as a _substantive phrase_?"
18. How does the English participle compare with the Latin gerund? 19. How
do Dr. Adam and others suppose "the gerund in English" to become a
"substantive," or noun? 20. How does the French construction of participles
and infinitives compare with the English?

LESSON XXVIII.--PARTICIPLES.

21. What difference does it make, whether we use the possessive case before
words in _ing_, or not? 22. What is said of the distinguishing or
confounding of different parts of speech, such as verbs, participles, and
nouns? 23. With how many other parts of speech does W. Allen confound the
participle? 24. How is the distinguishing of the participle from the verbal
noun inculcated by Allen, and their difference of meaning by Murray? 25. Is
it pretended that the authorities and reasons which oppose the mixed
construction of participles, are sufficient to prove such usage altogether
inadmissible? 26. Is it proper to teach, in general terms, that the noun or
pronoun which limits the meaning of a participle should be put in the
possessive case? 27. What is remarked of different cases used
indiscriminately before the participle or verbal noun? 28. What say Crombie
and others about this disputable phraseology? 29. What says Brown of this
their teaching? 30. How do Priestley and others pretend to distinguish
between the participial and the substantive use of verbals in _ing_? 31.
What does Brown say of this doctrine? 32. If when a participle becomes an
adjective it drops its regimen, should it not also drop it on becoming a
noun? 33. Where the sense admits of a choice of construction in respect to
the participle, is not attention due to the analogy of general grammar? 34.
Does it appear that nouns before participles are less frequently subjected
to their government than pronouns? 35. Why must a grammarian discriminate
between idioms, or peculiarities, and the common mode of expression? 36. Is
the Latin gerund, like the verbal in _ing_, sometimes active, sometimes
passive; and when the former governs the genitive, do we imitate the idiom
in English? 37. Is it agreed among grammarians, that the Latin gerund may
govern the genitive of the agent? 38. What distinction between the
participial and the substantive use of verbals in _ing_ do Crombie and
others propose to make? 39. How does this accord with the views of Murray,