ous to
be detailed here. C. Chabaneau, _Les biographies des Troubadours_,
Toulouse, 1885 (part of the _Histoire generale de Languedoc_) is full of
valuable information. The biographies have been translated by I.
Farnell, _Lives of the Troubadours_, London, 1896.

NOTES

CHAPTER I

1. See maps at the end of Groeber's _Grundriss_, vol. i.

2. _De Vulg. El._ I., 8: alii oc, alii oil, alii si affirmando
loquuntur, and _Vita Nuova_, xxv. Dante also knew the term provincialis.

3. Boethius. F. Huendgen, Oppeln, 1884. For Sainte Foy d'Agen, see
_Romania_ xxxi., p, 177 ff.

4. P. Meyer in _Romania_ v., p. 257. Bedier, _Les chansons de Croisade_,
Paris, 1909, p. 16.

5. See P. Maus, _Peire Cardenals Strophenbau_, Marburg, 1884.

6. See Jeanroy, Origines, etc.

CHAPTER II

7. Provencal has also the feminine _joia_ with the general meaning of
"delight."

8. See Stimming's article in Groeber's _Grundriss_.

9. Raynouard, _Les Troubadours et les Cours d'Amour_, Paris, 1817; see
also Diez, _Ueber die Minnehoefe_, Berlin, 1825. Pio Rajna, _Le Corti
d'Amore_, Milan, 1890.

10. _Annales du Midi_, xix. p. 364.

11. _Die provenzalische Tenzone_, R. Zenker, Leipsic, 1888.

CHAPTER III

12. Girart de Roussillon, translation by P. Meyer, Paris, 1884: see also
_Romania_, vii. Diplomatic copies of the MSS. in _Romanische Studien_ V.
_Le Roman de Flamenca_, P. Meyer, Paris, 1901.

13. J. B. Beck, _Die Melodien der Troubadours_, Strasburg, 1908. _La
Musique des Troubadours_, Paris, 1910, by the same author, who there
promised a selection of songs harmonized for performance: this has not
yet appeared. See also _Quatre poesies de Marcabrun_, Jeanroy, Dejeanne
and Aubry, Paris, 1904, with texts, music, and translations.

14. Schindler, _Die Kreuzzuege in der altprovenzalischen und
mittelhochdeutschen lyrik._, Dresden, 1889. K. Lewent, _Das
altprovenzalische Kreuzlied_, Berlin, 1905.

15. A. Pillet, _Studien zur Pastourelle_, Breslau, 1902. Roemer, _Die
volkstuemlichen Dichtungsarten der altprovenzalischen Lyrik_, Marburg,
1884.

16. _Quae judicia de litteris fecerint Provinciales_. P. Andraud, Paris,
1902.

17. From _Si'm sentis fizels amics_, quoted by Dante, _De Vulg. El._ i. 9.

CHAPTER IV

18. "Paubre motz"; also interpreted as "scanty words," i.e. poems with
short lines. On Jaufre Rudel in literature, see a lecture by Carducci,
Bologna 1888. The latest theory of his mysterious love is that she was
t