he Virgin Mary; see C. Appel, _Archiv fuer das Studium der neueren
Sprachen_, cvii. 3-4.

19. Mahn, _Gedichte_, no. 707. An edition of Bernard de Ventadour's
poems is in preparation by Prof. Appel.

20. _Cp._ Dante, _Par._ xx. 73.

CHAPTER V

21. Dante, _De Vulg. El._ ii. 2.

22. "Il Provenzale," _Conv._ iv. 11.

23. _Purg._ xxvi.

24. On his family see Stronski, _Folquet de Marseille_, p. 15 and
159-172.

25. See G. Paris, _La Litterature francaise au moyen age_, Sec. 128.

CHAPTER VI

26. The best short account of the Albigenses is to be found in vol. i.
of H.C. Lea's _Histoire de L'Inquisition au moyen age_, Paris, 1903.
This, the French translation, is superior to the English edition as it
contains the author's last corrections, and a number of bibliographical
notes. The Adoptionist theory is stated in the introduction to F.C.
Conybeare's _Key of Truth_, Oxford, 1908. The _Chanson de la Croisade
Albigeoise_, P. Meyer, Paris, 1875, 2 vols., is indispensable to
students of the subject. In these works will be found much of the
extensive bibliography of the heresy and crusade.

27. Eckbertus, _Serm. adv. Catharos, Migne, Patr. Lat._, tom. 193. p.
73.

28. _Cf._ Milman, _Latin Christianity_, Book IX. chap. viii. p. 85.

29. On religious lyric poetry, see Lowinsky, _Zeitschrift fuer
franzoesische Sprache und Litteratur_, xx. p. 163 ff., and the
bibliographical note to Stimming's article in Groeber's _Grundriss_, vol.
ii. part ii. Sec. 32.

CHAPTER VII

Most histories of Italian literature deal with this subject. See
Gaspary's _Italian Literature to the death of Dante_: H. Oelsner, Bohn's
Libraries. See also the chapter, _La poesie francaise en Italie_ in
Jeanroy's _Origines_. For Dante, see _Storia letteraria d'Italia,
scritta di una societa di professori_, Milan, vol. iii., Dante, by
Zingarelli. _The Troubadours of Dante_, Chaytor, Oxford, 1902. Useful
are A. Thomas, _Francesco da Barberino et la litterature provencale en
Italie au moyen age_, Paris, 1883. O. Schultz, _Die Lebensverhaeltnisse
der Italienischen Trobadors_, Berlin, 1883.

30. Schultz, _Die Briefe des Trobadors Raimbaut de Vaqueiras an Bonifaz
I._, Halle, 1883.

31. Zingarelli, _Intorno a due Trovatori in Italia_, Florence, 1899.

CHAPTER VIII

Mila y Fontanals, _Los trovadores en Espana_, Barcelona, 1861, remains
the best work on the subject. On Portugal, the article in Groeber's
_Grundriss_, ii. 2, p. 129, by C. Michaeli