ughly cleaned and
fumigated and the cleanings burned every spring, as many thousands of
moths are wintered over in them.

FLAT-HEADED BORER.

The adult, fig. 10, is flat, about three-eighths of an inch long, of a
greenish black with coppery reflections. They appear about the last of
May and deposit eggs from then until September. They generally lay their
eggs in a diseased portion of the tree, where it has been bruised, or
sun-scalded, or in trees of weak vitality, in bad health from lack of
cultivation or moisture, or from soil poverty. The eggs are small and
yellowish, and are found singly or in numbers in crevices in the bark.
The larva, or borer, fig. 11, when young, is yellowish, with a broad,
flat head; it soon bores to the sap-wood, where it feeds. At this time
it is easily discovered by the "castings" from the opening. As they
become older and larger they bore into the harder wood, making flattened
chambers. In about a year they gnaw a channel to the outside, excepting
a thin layer of bark, and backing a little way they crowd castings to
the front and change into the perfect insect, emerging about the last of
May.

[Illustration: FIG. 10. Adult Flat-headed Borer.]

[Illustration: FIG. 11. Larva of a Flat-headed Borer.]

_Remedies._ Keep the tree thrifty, free from bruises or sun-scald, and
the flow of sap will drown them. If any are detected by the castings,
cut in, and use a hooked wire to pull them out. Some washes will deter
the female from depositing eggs. For instance: Equal parts of soft soap
and sal soda, with enough crude carbolic acid to give a strong odor.
Apply with a brush several times in a season, especially where the bark
appears unhealthy.

ROUND-HEADED BORER.

Attacks the same trees under the same conditions as the flat-headed
borer. The adult, fig. 12, is about five-eighths of an inch long, brown
above, with two white stripes the whole length of the back. Head and
under surface grayish. It is a night flyer. The female appears about
June 1, and stays until September. She deposits her eggs at night, in
small incisions made angling into the bark, generally near the ground.
In about two weeks they hatch, and the little borers, _a_, fig. 13,
begin to bore their way into the inner bark and sap-wood, leaving the
bore filled with "castings," fig. 14. For two summers they stay in the
sap-wood and do great damage, often girdling young trees. After the
second winter they cut channels up into