e greater part of the
continent, and often makes burrows in the ground away from
water, and may also do great damage by burrowing holes through
the banks of dams and reservoirs and water-courses, as at
Mildura. It was first described as the <i>Port Essington
Crayfish</i>.

1845. Gray, in E. J. Eyre's `Expeditions into Central
Australia,' vol. i. p. 410:

"The Port Essington Cray fish. <i>Astacus bicarinatus</i>."

1885. F. McCoy, `Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,'
Dec. 2, pl. 29:

"They are commonly known about Melbourne by the native name of
Yabber or Yabbie."

(2) <i>The Murray Lobster or the Spiny Cray-fish</i>. Name
given to the largest Australian fresh-water Cray-fish,
<i>Astacopsis serratus</i>, Shaw, which reaches a length of
over twelve inches, and is found in the rivers of the Murray
system, and in the southern rivers of Victoria such as the
Yarra, the latter being distinguished as a variety of the
former and called locally the <i>Yarra Spiny Cray-fish</i>.

1890. F. McCoy, `Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria,'
Dec. 8, pl. 160: "

Our plate 160 illustrates a remarkable variety of the typical
<i>A. serratus</i> of the Murray, common in the Yarra and its
numerous affluents flowing southwards."

(3) <i>The Tasmanian Cray</i>-fish. Name given to the large
fresh-water Cray-fish found in Tasmania, <i>Astacopsis
franklinii</i>; Gray.

(4) <i>The Land-crab</i>. Name applied to the burrowing
Cray-fish of Tasmania and Victoria, <i>Engaeus fossor</i>,
Erich., and other species. This is the smallest of the
Australian Cray-fish, and inhabits burrows on land, which it
excavates for itself and in which a small store of water is
retained. When the burrow, as frequently happens, falls in
there is formed a <i>Crab-hole</i> (q.v.).

1892. G. M. Thomson, `Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Tasmania,' p. 2:

"Only four of the previously described forms are fresh-water
species, namely: <i>Astacopsis franklinii</i> and
<i>A. tasmanicus</i>, <i>Engaeus fossor</i> and
<i>E. cunicularius</i>, all fresh-water cray fishes."

(5) <i>New Zealand Fresh-water Cray-fish</i>. Name applied to
<i>Paranephrops zealandicus</i>, White, which is confined to
the fresh water of New Zealand.

1889. T. J. Parker, `Studies in Biology' (Colonial Museum and
Geological Survey Department, New Zealand), p. 5:

"Paranephrops which is small and has to be specially collected
in rivers, creeks or lakes."

(6) <i>Sydne