justice from the defeated party to the victorious party. It is due,
also, and we have a right to exact it, as a guarantee for the future.
Why do we demand the surrender of their arms by the vanquished in
every battle? We do it that they may not renew the contest. Why do we
seek, in this and all similar cases, a surrender of the principles for
which they fought? It is that they may never again be made the basis
of controversy and rebellion against the Government of the United
States.

"Now, what are those principles which should be thus surrendered? The
principle of State sovereignty is one of them. It was the corner-stone
of the rebellion--at once its animating spirit and its fundamental
basis. Deeply ingrained as it was in the Southern heart, it must be
surrendered. The ordinances in which it was embodied must not only be
repealed, the principle itself must be abandoned, and the ordinances,
so far as this war is concerned, be declared null and void, and that
declaration must be embodied in their fundamental constitutions."

The speech was here interrupted by Mr. Bingham, who insisted that the
adoption of the principle in the State constitutions would not be
sufficient guarantee. Adoption in the Constitution of the United
States was essential to its permanent effective force.

Mr. Raymond thought the Constitution of the United States as plain as
possible in its declaration against the doctrine of State sovereignty.
If any more explicit denial could be got into the Constitution, he
would favor it.

"Another thing," said Mr. Raymond, "to be surrendered by the defeated
rebellion is the obligation to pay the rebel war debt. We have the
right to require this repudiation of their debt, because the money
represented by that debt was one of the weapons with which they
carried on the war against the Government of the United States.

"There is another thing which we have the right to require, and that
is the prohibition of slavery. We have the right to require them to do
this, not only in their State constitutions, but in the Constitution
of the United States. And we have required it, and it has been
conceded. They have also conceded that Congress may make such laws as
may be requisite to carry that prohibition into effect, which includes
such legislation as may be required to secure for them protection of
their civil and personal rights--their 'right to life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness.'"

Mr. Spalding having