educate their people till they
are fit to vote. 'Fair play,' 'A fair day's wages for a fair day's
work,' 'Live and let live'--these mottoes, if blazoned over the
institutions of a State, will insure it against being cursed for any
length of time with inhabitants so worthless that they are fit only
for beasts of burden. I have said that the amendment provides for
representation going hand in hand with taxation. That is its first
feature.

"_Second._ It brings into the basis both sexes and all ages, and so it
counteracts and avoids, as far as possible, the casual and
geographical inequalities of population.

"_Third._ It puts every State on an equal footing in the requirement
prescribed.

"_Fourth._ It leaves every State unfettered to enumerate all its
people for representation or not, just as it pleases.

"Thus every State has the sole control, free from all interference, of
its own interests and concerns. No other State, nor the General
Government, can molest the people of any State on the subject, or even
inquire into their acts or their reasons, but all the States have
equal rights. If New York chooses to count her black population as
political persons, she can do so. If she does not choose to do so, the
matter is her own, and her rights can not be challenged. So of South
Carolina. But South Carolina shall not say, 'True, we have less than
three hundred thousand "persons" in this State, politically speaking,
yet we will have, in governing the country, the power of seven hundred
thousand persons.'

"The amendment is common to all States and equal for all; its
operation will, of course, be practically only in the South. No
Northern State will lose by it, whether the Southern States extend
suffrage to blacks or not. Even New York, in her great population, has
so few blacks that she could exclude them all from enumeration and it
would make no difference in her representation. If the amendment is
adopted, and suffrage remains confined as it is now, taking the census
of 1860 as the foundation of the calculation, and the number of
Representatives as it then stood, the gains and losses would be these:
Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Maine would gain one Representative
each, and New York would gain three; Alabama, Kentucky, North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee would each lose one; Georgia,
Louisiana, and Virginia would each lose two, and Mississippi wou