t 321 yen (cost of fish and meat, 4-1/2 yen)
and clothing 34 yen.

In a "model village," where "the farmers are always diligent," a
small tenant's income was 508 yen and expenditure 527 yen; _loss_, 19
_yen_. Clothes cost 95 yen and food 190 yen. (Cost of fish and meat,
4-3/4 yen.) There was an expenditure on medicine of 1-1/2 yen and on
tobacco and _sake_ ("only enjoyment") 10 yen.

Twenty per cent, of the farmers, I was told, "lead a middle-class life
and occupy a somewhat rational area of land." The budgets often of
these men, who own their own land, show a _balance of 85 yen_. "If
they were tenants they would not be in such a good condition." "We
think the farmer ought to have 2 _cho_."

BUDGETS OF FARMERS ON THE LAND OF THE HOMMA CLAN, YAMAGATA (page
186).--A tenant had 3 _cho_ of paddy and a small piece of vegetable
land. There lived with him his wife, two sons and the widow and child
of the eldest son. After paying his rent he had 30 _koku_ of rice
left. The cost of production and taxes, 100 yen or a little more, had
to come out of that. This tenant had a debt of 250 yen.

A sturdy wagoner with a sturdy horse lived with his wife and three
children and his old mother. He hired 1 _cho_ for 28 _koku_ of rice
and his crop was 40 _koku_. He spent 30 yen on manure and 4 yen went
in taxes.

A middle-grade farmer owned a house and a little more than 1 _cho_ and
rented 3 _cho_ of paddy and a patch for vegetables. His rent was about
38 _koku_. He spent 100 yen on manure and 128 yen for taxes, temple
dues and regulation of the paddy. He employed at 2-1/2 _koku_ a man
who lived with the family, also temporary labour for 48 days. His crop
might be 100 _koku_ or more. He had no debt.

A third man was above the middle grade of farmer. His taxes were 240
yen and his manure bill 130 yen. His payment for paddy-field
regulation, to continue for ten years, was 60 yen. He had three
labourers and he also hired extra labour for 100 days. He had three
unmarried sons of 40, 29 and 25. There were 260 yen of pensions in
respect of the war service of one son and the death of another.

INCOME OF PEASANT PROPRIETORS (HOKKAIDO).--The following statistics
for the whole of Hokkaido are based on the experience of peasant
proprietors. The 2-1/2 _cho_ men are rice farmers--rice farming means
farming with rice as the principal crop. The 5-_cho_ men are engaged
in mixed farming:

-------------------------------------------------------------