ated. This was the work of Mr. Harrington Emerson,
widely known as a counselling engineer. In the '70's Mr. Emerson had
become interested in the subject of Efficiency Engineering by his study
of the successful conduct of the German Army during the Franco-Prussian
War; and he has since then reorganized numerous large enterprises in
accordance with the principles derived from his inquiry. Among these
establishments was a machine shop where the belting[47]

"had cost (for maintenance and renewals) at one of the main
shops about $12,000 a year--or $1000 a month--and it was so
poorly installed and supervised that there was an average of 12
breakdowns every working-day, each involving more or less
disorganization of the plant in its part or as a whole." The
workmen in charge of the belts now received directions as to
their charge from a general foreman, who received directions
from an efficiency engineer. This engineer had derived his
general information on the subject from a man who had made a
special study of belts for nine years. He laid down a few
general rules, requiring accurate records of breakdown, repair,
and installation, full authority and responsibility for the
special worker on belts, a better grade of work in installation
and better operation of the belts. Under this method "the
number of breakdowns declined from 12 each working-day to an
average of 2 a day, not one of them serious ...and due to
original defective installation, which it was impossible to
remedy without unjustifiable expense.... The cost of
maintaining belts fell from $1000 a month to $300 a month."

This elimination of waste of human power, and in connection with it the
elimination of waste of equipment and of machine power, have, then, in
the course of the last thirty years, been studied and applied in this
country in the way roughly outlined by Mr. Taylor, Mr. Gilbreth, Mr.
Gantt, Mr. Sanford Thompson, Mr. Barth, Mr. Cook, and Mr. Hathaway; and
in somewhat the same manner by Mr. Harrington Emerson, Mr. Edward
Emerson, Mr. W.J. Power, Mr. Arion, Mr. Playfair, and Mr. Chipman. These
engineers have developed methods which have made it possible for them to
reorganize the various businesses mentioned which have consulted them,
and to decrease their costs and increase their profits. It will be seen
at once that the procedure of Scientific Management in de