ming lands
under grants of different States; and between States, or the citizens
thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects." I do not think
this clause has any considerable bearing upon the particular inquiry
now under consideration. Its purpose was, to extend the judicial power
to those controversies into which local feelings or interests might so
enter as to disturb the course of justice, or give rise to suspicions
that they had done so, and thus possibly give occasion to jealousy or
ill will between different States, or a particular State and a foreign
nation. At the same time, I would remark, in passing, that it has
never been held, I do not know that it has ever been supposed, that
any citizen of a State could bring himself under this clause and the
eleventh and twelfth sections of the judiciary act of 1789, passed in
pursuance of it, who was not a citizen of the United States. But I
have referred to the clause, only because it is one of the places
where citizenship is mentioned by the Constitution. Whether it is
entitled to any weight in this inquiry or not, it refers only to
citizenship of the several States; it recognises that; but it does not
recognise citizenship of the United States as something distinct
therefrom.

As has been said, the purpose of this clause did not necessarily
connect it with citizenship of the United States, even if that were
something distinct from citizenship of the several States, in the
contemplation of the Constitution. This cannot be said of other
clauses of the Constitution, which I now proceed to refer to.

"The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges
and immunities of citizens of the several States." Nowhere else in the
Constitution is there anything concerning a general citizenship; but
here, privileges and immunities to be enjoyed throughout the United
States, under and by force of the national compact, are granted and
secured. In selecting those who are to enjoy these national rights of
citizenship, how are they described? As citizens of each State. It is
to them these national rights are secured. The qualification for them
is not to be looked for in any provision of the Constitution or laws
of the United States. They are to be citizens of the several States,
and, as such, the privileges and immunities of general citizenship,
derived from and guarantied by the Constitution, are to be enjoyed by
them. It would seem that if it had been intended