cs 3%)

Exports--partners: US 30%, EU 18%, Southeast Asia 12%, China 5%

Imports: $319 billion (c.i.f., 1998)

Imports--commodities: manufactures 54%, foodstuffs and raw
materials 28%, fossil fuels 16%

Imports--partners: US 24%, Southeast Asia 14%, EU 14%, China 13%

Debt--external: $NA

Economic aid--donor: ODA, $9.1 billion (1999)

Currency: yen (Y)

Exchange rates: yen (Y) per US$1--113.18 (January 1999), 130.91
(1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996), 94.06 (1995), 102.21 (1994)

Fiscal year: 1 April--31 March

Communications

Telephones: 64 million (1987 est.)

Telephone system: excellent domestic and international service
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth stations--5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean
and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region), and 1
Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions); submarine cables to
China, Philippines, Russia, and US (via Guam)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 318, FM 58, shortwave 0

Radios: 97 million (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 7,549 (consisting of 6,995
non-government and non-commercial stations, of which 95 are main
stations of 1 kW or greater power and 6,900 are low-power stations,
and 554 commercial stations of which 113 are main stations and 441
are repeaters); note--in addition, US Forces are served by 3 TV
stations and 2 TV cable stations (1997)

Televisions: 100 million (1993 est.)

Transportation

Railways:
total: 23,670.7 km
standard gauge: 2,893.1 km 1.435-m gauge (entirely electrified)
narrow gauge: 89.8 km 1.372-m gauge (89.8 km electrified); 20,656.8
km 1.067-m gauge (10,383.6 km electrified); 31 km 0.762-m gauge (3.6
km electrified) (1994)

Highways:
total: 1.16 million km
paved: 859,560 km (including 6,070 km of expressways)
unpaved: 300,440 km (1996 est.)

Waterways: about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland
seas

Pipelines: crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural
gas 1,800 km

Ports and harbors: Akita, Amagasaki, Chiba, Hachinohe, Hakodate,
Higashi-Harima, Himeji, Hiroshima, Kawasaki, Kinuura, Kobe, Kushiro,
Mizushima, Moji, Nagoya, Osaka, Sakai, Sakaide, Shimizu, Tokyo,
Tomakomai

Merchant marine:
total: 713 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,753,027
GRT/19,311,312 DWT
ships by type: bulk 159, cargo 54, chemical tanker 13, combination
bulk 16, combination ore/oil 4, container 27, liquefied gas tank