er
40, oil tanker 232, passenger 10, passenger-cargo 2, refrigerated
cargo 27, roll-on/roll-off cargo 48, short-sea passenger 13, vehicle
carrier 68 (1998 est.)

Airports: 170 (1998 est.)

Airports--with paved runways:
total: 140
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 35
1,524 to 2,437 m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 30
under 914 m: 31 (1998 est.)

Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 28 (1998 est.)

Heliports: 14 (1998 est.)

Military

Military branches: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan
Maritime Self-Defense Force (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force
(Air Force)

Military manpower--military age: 18 years of age

Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 30,646,516 (1999 est.)

Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 26,438,961 (1999 est.)

Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 784,658 (1999 est.)

Military expenditures--dollar figure: $42.9 billion (FY98/99)

Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 0.9% (FY98/99)

Transnational Issues

Disputes--international: islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan,
and the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now
administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks
(Takeshima/Tokdo) disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku
Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan

======================================================================

@Jarvis Island
-------------

Geography

Location: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, about
one-half of the way from Hawaii to the Cook Islands

Geographic coordinates: 0 22 S, 160 03 W

Map references: Oceania

Area:
total: 4.5 sq km
land: 4.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area--comparative: about eight times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 8 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Terrain: sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 0%
forests and woodland: 0%
other: 100%

Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1998)

Natural