. 2) says with more
probability, that Adrian merely degraded him. According to Otto of
Freisingen (_Mon. Germ. SS_., vol. xx, p. 404), Arnold _principis
examini reservatus est, ad ultimum a praefecto Urbis ligno adactus_.
Finally, Geroch de Reichersberg tells us (_De investigatione
Antichristi_, lib. i, cap. xiii, ed. Scheibelberger, 1875, pp. 88-89)
that Arnold was taken from the ecclesiastical prison and put to death
by the servants of the Roman prefect. In any case, politics rather
than religion was the cause of his death.

In a word, in all these executions, the Church either kept aloof, or
plainly manifested her disapproval.

During this period, we know of only one bishop, Theodwin of Liege,
who called upon the secular arm to punish heretics. This is all the
more remarkable because his predecessor, Wazo, and his successor,
Adalbero II, both protested in word and deed against the cruelty of
both sovereign and people.

Wazo, his biographer tells us, strongly condemned the execution of
heretics at Goslar, and, had he been there, would have acted as St.
Martin of Tours in the case of Priscillian.[1] His reply to the
letter of the Bishop of Chalons reveals his inmost thoughts on the
subject. "To use the sword of the civil authority," he says, "against
the Manicheans,[2] is contrary to the spirit of the Church, and the
teaching of her Divine Founder. The Saviour ordered us to let the
cockle grow with the good grain until the harvest time, lest in
uprooting the cockle we uproot also the wheat with it.[3] Moreover,
continues Wazo, those who are cockle to-day may be converted
to-morrow, and be garnered in as wheat at the harvest time.
Therefore, they should be allowed to live. The only penalty we should
use against them is excommunication."[4]

The Bishop of Liege, quoting this parable of Christ which St.
Chrysostom had quoted before him, interprets it in a more liberal
fashion than the Bishop of Constantinople. For he not only condemns
the death penalty, but all recourse to the secular arm.

[1] _Vita Vasonis_, cap. xxv, xxvi, Migne, P.L., vol. cxlii, col.
753.

[2] Ibid., col. 752.

[3] Matt. xiii. 29-30.

[4] _Vita Vasonis_, loc. cit., col. 753.

Peter Cantor, one of the best minds of northern France in the twelfth
century, also protested against the infliction of the death penalty
for heresy, "Whether," he says, "the Cathari are proved guilty of
heresy, or whether they freely admit their guilt, they ought n