"The case for the shorter working day," by
the National Consumers' League, see especially pp. 621-892.]

[Footnote 8: See Vol. I, pp. 135 and 197.]

[Footnote 9: Much public regulation of wages occurred in Europe until
near the end of the eighteenth century. In England this was done
mainly by the justices of the peace and, in the main was directed
toward limiting the demands of the wage-workers.]

[Footnote 10: See below, sec. 15.]

[Footnote 11: By the act of 1888, the Erdman act of 1898, superseded
by the Newlands act of 1913, and supplemented by measures for
mediation by the Department of Labor.]

[Footnote 12: The few exceptions to this statement are mostly recent;
such as the recognition of the unions in New Zealand in 1894 as
parties in the plan of compulsory arbitration, and in Great Britain
in 1909 as agencies through which unemployment insurance may be
administered.]

[Footnote 13: As appeared in ch. 20.]

CHAPTER 22

OTHER PROTECTIVE LABOR AND SOCIAL LEGISLATION

Sec. 1. Evils of early factory conditions. Sec. 2. Improvement of factory
conditions. Sec. 3. Limitation of the wage contract. Sec. 4. Usury laws. Sec. 5.
Public inspection of standards and of foods. Sec. 6. Charity, and control of
vice. Sec. 7. City growth and the housing problem. Sec. 8. Good housing
legislation. Sec. 9. General grounds of this social legislation. Sec. 10.
Training in the trades. Sec. 11. Prevalence of unemployment. Sec. 12. Evils of
unemployment. Sec. 13. Definition of unemployment. Sec. 14. Individual
maladjustments causing unemployment. Sec. 15. Maladjustment of wages
causing unemployment. Sec. 16. Individual maladjustment in finding jobs,
Sec. 17. Public employment offices. Sec. 18. Fluctuations of industry causing
unemployment. Sec. 19. Remedies for seasonal fluctuations. Sec. 20. Reducing
cyclical unemployment and its effects.

Sec. 1. #Evils of early factory conditions#. The time is but brief in
the life of nations since the main manufacturing processes, now mostly
conducted in great factories, were carried on in or near the homes
of the workers. This change has been reflected in the meaning of
"manufactures," which first meant literally goods made by hand but now
conveys the thought of goods made by machinery. The craftsmen worked
alone in their own homes or with the help of their wives and children.
If the master craftsmen had other helpers these were usually lodged
and fed in th