assassination of Shane O'Neil.

Renewal of the civil-religious war in France; Battle of St. Denis.

Murder of Darnley; Mary marries Bothwell; she is imprisoned and
compelled to resign the crown. See "MARY STUART: HER REIGN AND
EXECUTION," X, 51.

Organization of the "Council of Blood" by the Duke of Alva, on his
arrival in the Netherlands as Spanish governor.

Founding of the Royal Exchange, London.

1568. Peace of Longjumeau with the Huguenots; assembling of Protestant
leaders at La Rochelle.

Thousands of the better classes of the Netherlands take refuge in
England from the persecutions of the Spaniards.

Execution of Egmont and Horn at Brussels; arms taken against the
Spaniards by Louis of Nassau and William of Orange, his brother.

1569. Insurrection of Roman Catholics in England.

Battle of Jarnac; defeat of the Huguenots; Conde taken and shot; Coligny
defeated at Moncontour.

Under the sovereignty of the Medici is created the grand duchy of
Tuscany out of the Florentine dominions.

1570. Murra, Regent of Scotland, assassinated; the English invade that
country; Earl Lennox made regent.

Revolt of the Moors in Spain crushed by John of Austria.

1571. Battle of Lepanto; the Holy League, consisting of Spain, Venice,
and the Pope, wins a great victory over the Turks. See "BATTLE OF
LEPANTO," X, 100.

Dumbarton, the main stronghold of the adherents of Mary Stuart, falls
into the possession of the Earl of Lennox.

The Thirty-nine Articles are made binding on the clergy of the Church of
England.

1572. Trial, condemnation, and execution of the Duke of Norfolk for
conspiracy, in England.

Marriage of Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX, with Henry of
Navarre; Massacre of St. Bartholomew. See "MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW,"
X, 119.

Rising of the Dutch against their Spanish oppressors; recognition of the
authority of William of Orange.

1573. Successful defence of La Rochelle; the treaty of La Rochelle
grants toleration to the Huguenots.

Haarlem reduced by the Spaniards; they besiege Leyden. See "HEROIC AGE
OF THE NETHERLANDS," X, 145.

Building of Manila which is made the seat of the Spanish viceroy in the
Philippines.

1574. Coronation of Henry, Duke of Anjou, as King of Poland; he becomes
King of France on the death of his brother, Charles IX; he abandons
Poland.

1575. Queen Elizabeth of England is offered the sovereignty of the
Netherlands.

Foundation of the Univ