ersity of Leyden, in commemoration of the siege
and relief of that city.

Stephen Bathori, Prince of Transylvania, elected king of Portugal.

1576. Devastation of Italy by the plague; Titian, the painter, is one of
the victims.

First voyage of Frobisher in search of a northwest passage. See "SEARCH
FOR THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE BY FROBISHER," X, 156.

Organization by Henry, Duke of Guise, of the Catholic League against the
Huguenots.

Appointment of Don John of Austria as governor of the Netherlands, by
his half-brother, Philip II of Spain.

"BUILDING OF THE FIRST THEATRE IN ENGLAND." See X, 163.

1577. Peace of Bergerac, the sixth one between Henry III and the
Huguenots.

Many of Titian's finest works destroyed in a great fire at Venice.

Sailing of Sir Francis Drake on his circumnavigation of the globe.

1578. Treaty of alliance concluded between England and the Netherlands.

Invasion of Morocco by King Sebastian of Portugal; he is defeated and
slain at Alcazar-Quivir.

Battle of Gembloux; great victory of Don John; on his death the Duke of
Parma succeeds as Spanish governor of the Netherlands.

Attempt of the Norwegians to interrupt the English commerce with
Archangel; Queen Elizabeth asserts the right freely to navigate all
seas.

1579. Union of Utrecht; foundation of the Dutch Republic.

A force of Spaniards invade Ireland.

Confinement of Tasso as a lunatic by the Duke of Ferrara.

1580. Persecution by the Protestants of Jesuits and seminary priests in
England.

Outlawry of William of Orange, by Philip II of Spain, inviting his
assassination.

Seizure of Portugal by Philip II.

1581. Conquest of Siberia by the Cossacks. See "COSSACK CONQUEST OF
SIBERIA," x, 181.

Declaration of independence formally issued by the Seven United
Provinces of the Netherlands.

Founding of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.

1582. Reformation of the calendar by Gregory XIII. October 5th of this
year is made October 15th.

1583. Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland for Queen Elizabeth. See
"FIRST COLONY OF ENGLAND BEYOND SEAS," x, 198.

Failing in his treacherous attempt on Antwerp the Duke of Anjou retires
into France, covered with disgrace.

1584. Assassination of William, Prince of Orange, at the instigation of
Philip II of Spain. See "ASSASSINATION OF WILLIAM OF ORANGE," x, 202.

Alliance between Philip II and the Catholic League.

Queen Elizabeth dismisses the Spanish amba