ng economic growth. However, shortcomings in banking
regulatory oversight have resulted in concerns about the use of the
financial institutions for money laundering.

Geography Liechtenstein

Location: Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland

Geographic coordinates: 47 10 N, 9 32 E

Map references: Europe

Area: total: 160 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 160 sq km

Area - comparative: about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 76 km border countries: Austria 35 km,
Switzerland 41 km

Coastline: 0 km (doubly landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain;
cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Terrain: mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m highest point:
Grauspitz 2,599 m

Natural resources: hydroelectric potential, arable land

Land use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0% other: 75% (1998 est.)

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Natural hazards: NA

Environment - current issues: NA

Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur
94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent
Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Geography - note: along with Uzbekistan, one of only two doubly
landlocked countries in the world; variety of microclimatic variations
based on elevation

People Liechtenstein

Population: 32,842 (July 2002 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: 18.3% (male 3,003; female 3,001) 15-64 years:
70.5% (male 11,530; female 11,639) 65 years and over: 11.2% (male 1,494;
female 2,175) (2002 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.94% (2002 est.)

Birth rate: 11.24 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Death rate: 6.76 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Net migration rate: 4.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 4.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: