ble in most of Kazakhstan international: international traffic
with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and
microwave radio relay; with other countries by satellite and by the
Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations -
2 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations: AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)

Radios: 6.47 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)

Televisions: 3.88 million (1997)

Internet country code: .kz

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10 (with their own international
channels) (2001)

Internet users: 85,000 (2001)

Transportation Kazakhstan

Railways: total: 13,601 km in common carrier service; does not
include industrial lines broad gauge: 13,601 km 1.520-m gauge (3,661 km
electrified) (2001)

Highways: total: 189,000 km paved: 108,100 km (includes some all-weather
gravel-surfaced roads) unpaved: 80,900 km (these roads are made of
unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)

Waterways: 3,900 km note: on the Syr Darya (Syrdariya) and Ertis
(Irtysh) rivers

Pipelines: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas
3,480 km (1992)

Ports and harbors: Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen
(Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)

Merchant marine: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,064 GRT/646
DWT note: United States 1 (2002 est.) ships by type: roll on/roll off 1

Airports: 449 (2001)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 28 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047
m: 14 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 under 914 m: 3 (2001)

Airports - with unpaved runways: 18 1,524 to 2,437 m: Military
Kazakhstan

Military branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval
Force, Border Service, Republican Guard

Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)

Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 4,545,168 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 3,629,219
(2002 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 163,628
(2002 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: $173 million (Ministry of Defense
expenditures) (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1% (Ministry of Defense
expenditures) (FY01)

Transnational Issues Kazakhstan

Disputes - international: Kazakhstan is working rapidly with China and
Russia to delimit its large open borders to con