s the French troops triumphed on the banks of the river Isly
on the 14th of August. The result of this battle was a treaty between
the two countries, in which the Emperor of Morocco engaged to prevent
troops from assembling on his frontiers for the invasion of Algeria.
During the autumn, Louis Philippe and the Emperor of Russia paid a visit
to Queen Victoria, and stayed a few days in England, where they were
treated with all due honours. In Spain the civil war which had so long
convulsed the nation was ended; but it was succeeded by a state of
doubtful tranquillity, and isolated insurrections broke out in various
parts of the country, which were only put down by force of arms. The
same fate awaited Portugal: there was a revolt of troops at Torres
Novas, headed by Count Bomfin; but the rebels having shut themselves up
in Almeida, that place was invested with government troops, and finally
surrendered, the leader of the insurrection taking refuge in flight.
In Greece the most important event was the framing of a constitutional
charter by the National Assembly, consisting of one hundred and seven
articles, which was signed and ratified, after some hesitation, by
King Otho. During this year the King of Prussia narrowly escaped
assassination at Ischl by the Burgomaster Tschech, who fired two shots
from a double-barrelled pistol in quick succession against the carriage.
In the early part of the year a conference took place at Vienna of
plenipotentiaries from the different German states to frame measures to
secure themselves by all the means in their power against the slightest
change in the existing order of things, which at this time were
threatened by a formidable parly, in the different states hostile to all
authority. In Sweden this j'ear witnessed the death of Bernadotte,
the king of that country, the most permanently successful of all the
generals who took part in the French revolution. Although of obscure
birth and a foreigner, he was called upon to wear the crown of Sweden
by the unanimous voice of the nation; and he so identified himself with
their interests, that he reigned in peace and died universally beloved
by his subjects. In Switzerland disturbances took place this year in the
Valais and at Lucerne: but order and tranquillity were quickly restored
by the federal troops of that country.

CHAPTER LVI.

{VICTORIA. 1845-1846}

Meeting of Parliament..... Finance and Commercial
Policy..... Retenti