8. All matters connected with marriage, pregnancy, and childbirth.

9. Allusions to any part of the body except head and hands.

10. Politics.

11. Religion.

It will be noted that most of these taboo objects are obviously those
which the concept of the Model Woman has ruled out of the life of the
feminine half of the world.

As might well be expected, it is in the marriage ceremony and the
customs of the family institution that the most direct continuation of
taboo may be found. The early ceremonials connected with marriage, as Mr
Crawley has shown, counteracted to some extent man's ancient fear of
woman as the embodiment of a weakness which would emasculate him.
Marriage acted as a bridge, by which the breach of taboo was expiated,
condoned, and socially countenanced. Modern convention in many forms
perpetuates this concept. Marriage, a conventionalized breach of taboo,
is the beginning of a new family. In all its forms, social, religious,
or legal, it is an accepted exception to the social injunctions which
keep men and women apart under other circumstances.

The new family as a part of the social order comes into existence
through the social recognition of a relationship which is considered
especially dangerous and can only be recognized by the performance of
elaborate rites and ceremonies. It is taboo for men and women to have
contact with each other. Contact may occur only under ceremonial
conditions, guarded in turn by taboo, and therefore socially recognized.
The girl whose life from puberty on has been carefully guarded by
taboos, passes through the gateway of ceremonial into a new life, which
is quite as carefully guarded. These restrictions and elaborate rituals
which surround marriage and family life may appropriately be termed
institutional taboos. They include the property and division of labour
taboos in the survival forms already mentioned, as well as other
religious and social restrictions and prohibitions.

The foundations of family life go far back of the changes of recent
centuries. The family has its source in the mating instinct, but this
instinct is combined with other individual instincts and social
relationships which become highly elaborated in the course of social
evolution. The household becomes a complex economic institution. While
the processes of change may have touched the surface of these relations,
the family itself has remained to the present an institution established
thro