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taken tear tore torn thrive throve (thrived) thriven (thrived) throw threw thrown tread trod trodden, trod wear wore worn weave wove woven win won won wind wound wound wring wrung wrung write wrote written Remarks on Certain Verb Forms. 246. Several of the perfect participles are seldom used except as adjectives: as, "his _bounden_ duty," "the _cloven_ hoof," "a _drunken_ wretch," "a _sunken_ snag." _Stricken_ is used mostly of diseases; as, "_stricken_ with paralysis." The verb bear (to bring forth) is peculiar in having one participle (_borne_) for the active, and another (_born_) for the passive. When it means _to carry_ or to _endure_, _borne_ is also a passive. The form clomb is not used in prose, but is much used in vulgar English, and sometimes occurs in poetry; as,-- Thou hast _clomb_ aloft.--WORDSWORTH Or pine grove whither woodman never _clomb_.--COLERIDGE The forms of cleave are really a mixture of two verbs,--one meaning _to adhere_ or _cling_; the other, _to split_. The former used to be _cleave_, _cleaved_, _cleaved_; and the latter, _cleave_, _clave_ or _clove_, _cloven_. But the latter took on the weak form _cleft_ in the past tense and past participle,--as (from Shakespeare), "O Hamlet! thou hast _cleft_ my heart in twain,"--while _cleave_ (to cling) sometimes has _clove_, as (from Holmes), "The old Latin tutor _clove_ to Virgilius Maro." In this confusion of usage, only one set remains certain,--_cleave_, _cleft_, _cleft_ (to split). Crew is seldom found in present-day English. Not a cock _crew_, nor a dog barked.--IRVING. Our cock, which always _crew_ at eleven, now told us it was time for repose.--GOLDSMITH. Historically, drunk is the one correct past participle of the verb _drink_. But _drunk_ is very much used as an adjective, instead of _drunken_ (meaning intoxicated); and, probably to avoid confusion with this, drank is a good deal used as a past participle: thus,-- We had each _drank_ three times at the well.--B.
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