h_; thus,--

I have not from your eyes that gentleness
And show of love _as_ I was wont to have.--SHAKESPEARE

This still survives in vulgar English in England; for example,--

"Don't you mind Lucy Passmore, _as_ charmed your warts for you
when you was a boy? "--KINGSLEY

This is frequently illustrated in Dickens's works.

[Sidenote: _Other substitutes._]

126. Instead of the phrases _in which_, _upon which_, _by which_,
etc., the conjunctions _wherein_, _whereupon_, _whereby_, etc., are
used.

A man is the facade of a temple _wherein_ all wisdom and good
abide.--EMERSON.

The sovereignty of this nature _whereof_ we speak.--_Id._

The dear home faces _whereupon_
That fitful firelight paled and shone.--WHITTIER.

PRONOUNS IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS.

[Sidenote: _Special caution needed here._]

127. It is sometimes hard for the student to tell a relative from an
interrogative pronoun. In the regular direct question the
interrogative is easily recognized; so is the relative when an
antecedent is close by. But compare the following in pairs:--

1. (_a_) Like a gentleman of leisure _who_ is strolling out for
pleasure.

(_b_) Well we knew _who_ stood behind, though the earthwork hid
them.

2. (_a_) But _what_ you gain in time is perhaps lost in power.

(_b_) But _what_ had become of them they knew not.

3. (_a_) These are the lines _which_ heaven-commanded Toil shows on
his deed.

(_b_) And since that time I thought it not amiss To judge _which_
were the best of all these three.

In sentences 1 (_a_), 2 (_a_) and 3 (_a_) the regular relative use is
seen; _who_ having the antecedent _gentleman_, _what_ having the
double use of pronoun and antecedent, _which_ having the antecedent
_lines_.

But in 1 (_b_), 2 (_b_), and 3 (_b_), there are two points of
difference from the others considered: first, no antecedent is
expressed, which would indicate that they are not relatives; second, a
question is disguised in each sentence, although each sentence as a
whole is declarative in form. Thus, 1 (_b_), if expanded, would be,
"Who stood behind? We knew," etc., showing that _who_ is plainly
interrogative. So in 2 (_b_), _what_ is interrogative, the full
expression being, "But what had become of them? They knew not."
Likewise with _which_ in 3 (_b_).

[Sidenote: _How to decide._]

In studying such sentences, (1) see whether