n the 13th century, and was only
provided with a slit since that time, the same is very probable in
the case of the Armenian chasuble. The absence of the hood might also
be taken as additional proof of the derivation of the _phaina_ from
the _paenula_, but I should not lay particular stress upon it. The
question is settled by the above-mentioned miniatures."

CHATEAU (from Lat. _castellum_, fortress, through O. Fr. _chastel,
chasteau_), the French word for castle (q.v.). The development of the
medieval castle, in the 15th and 16th centuries, into houses arranged
rather for residence than defence led to a corresponding widening of the
meaning of the term _chateau_, which came to be applied to any
seigniorial residence and so generally to all houses, especially country
houses, of any pretensions (cf. the Ger. _Schloss_). The French
distinguish the fortified castle from the residential mansion by
describing the former as the _chateau fort_, the latter as the _chateau
de plaisance_. The development of the one into the other is admirably
illustrated by surviving buildings in France, especially in the
_chateaux_ scattered along the Loire. Of these Langeais, still in
perfect preservation, is a fine type of the _chateau fort_, with its
10th-century keep and 13th-century walls. Amboise (1490), Blois
(1500-1540), Chambord (begun 1526), Chenonceaux (1515-1560),
Azay-le-Rideau (1521), may be taken as typical examples of the _chateau
de plaisance_ of the transition period, all retaining in greater or less
degree some of the architectural characteristics of the medieval castle.
Some description of these is given under their several headings. In
English the word _chateau_ is often used to translate foreign words
(e.g. _Schloss_) meaning country house or mansion.

For the Loire chateaux see Theodore Andrea Cook, _Old Touraine_
(1892).

CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768-1848), French author,
youngest son of Rene Auguste de Chateaubriand, comte de Combourg,[1] was
born at St Malo on the 4th of September 1768. He was a brilliant
representative of the reaction against the ideas of the French
Revolution, and the most conspicuous figure in French literature during
the First Empire. His naturally poetical temperament was fostered in
childhood by picturesque influences, the mysterious reserve of his
morose father, the ardent piety of his mother, the traditions of his
ancient family, the legen