, ship on, 74

Portholes of warships in Tudor period, 95, 101

----, raising of lower deck at end of the eighteenth century, 131

Portuguese, discoveries of, in the fifteenth century, 84

_Prince Royal_, warship of James I., 104 et seq.

Ptolemies, use of many-banked galleys by, 36

Ptolemy Philopater's galley, criticism of account of, 45

Punt, first recorded maritime expedition to the land of, 16

----, Queen Hatshepsu's expedition to the land of, 18

Q

_Queen_, English first-rate, time of Queen Victoria, 142

Quinqueremes, Roman, crews of, 44

----, use of, by Alexander the Great, 35

----, use of, by Romans, 36, 44

R

Raleigh's criticisms on English ships, 107

Rams of Greek galleys, 31, 52, 53

Ramses III., warships of, 23

_Regent_, warship built 1490..92

Renan, Bernard, 118

Richard Coeur de Lion, fleet of, 67

Richard II., ship of reign of, 80

Rigging, improvements introduced in fourteenth century, 78

----, improvements in, end of the sixteenth century, 101

Roman galleys, use of lead sheathing in, 53

----, ----, use of turrets in, 54

----, ----, used against Carthaginians, 36, 44

----, merchant ships, 38

----, naval power, origin of, 36

----, quinqueremes, crews of, 44

_Royal Anne_, English first-rate of 1706..131

_Royal Charles_, warship of Charles II., 114

_Royal George_, particulars of, 126

Rudders, first use of, in English ships, 74

S

Sailcloth, linen, made by ancient Egyptians, 25

Sailing-ships, excellence of American, in the middle of the nineteenth
century, 3, 147

Sails, early use of, in Egypt, 13

----, papyrus used for, by ancient Egyptians, 25

----, use of, in galleys, 43

Sandefjord ship, description of, 58

Sandwich seal, ship on, 71

_Santa Maria_, caravel of Columbus, 88 _et seq._

Saracen ship of the twelfth century, 68

Saxon kings of England, fleets of, 56

----, ships, 56

Seppings, Sir Robert, improvements introduced by, in naval
construction, 135 _et seq._

Shelf-pieces, introduction of, in shipbuilding, 139

Ship, description of ancient Danish, 63

----, description of Viking, 59

----, Genoese, built for France, 1268..73

----, Greek merchant, 38

----, Roman merchant, 38

----, Italian, of fifteenth century, 79

----, of Columbus, 87 et seq.

----, of Edward III., 76

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