ied.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that the Bourbons were
restored in France and Spain; Louis XVIII King of France, and Ferdinand
VII King of Spain.=

1815

On January 8, the news of the peace not having reached America, Jackson
won the battle of New Orleans, inflicting a loss of two thousand on the
British, and losing only twenty-one men. At Mobile, the Americans captured
another British force, but off New York Commodore Decatur had to
surrender, with his ship, the President, to the British blockading
squadron.

England restored Java to Holland, but retained Demerara and the Cape of
Good Hope. The Papal States were reestablished, and the Swiss Federation
formed. On February 26 Napoleon slipped out of Elba; on March 1 he landed
in France, where he was received with joy by his old soldiers, and on
March 20 he entered Paris, beginning the Hundred Days. Ney deserted Louis
XVIII to join Napoleon, and practically the whole army followed. Louis
fled to Ghent.

England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia at once united against Napoleon. In
a few days he mobilized and equipped an army of one hundred and twenty
thousand veterans, and in June he was ready to attack the British and
Prussian forces in Belgium. At Quatre-Bras, on June 16, Ney fought an
indecisive engagement with the former, while at Ligny, on the same day,
Napoleon defeated the Prussians under Bluecher. On the 18th, Napoleon's
army confronted that of Wellington before Waterloo. Before noon the fight
began. Ney made repeated and gallant charges against the solid British
squares, but his cavalry was slaughtered. Late in the day Bluecher, after a
forced march, arrived with part of his army, and, joining the British,
sent the French forces flying. Napoleon barely escaped, and the allies
pursued the shattered remnants of his army. The Napoleonic wars, which had
cost nine million lives and untold treasure, and had remade the map of the
world, were ended.

On June 20 Napoleon reached Paris, and on June 22 he abdicated, the House
of Representatives having adopted by acclamation Lafayette's motion that
the chamber should sit permanently, and that any attempt to dissolve it
should be high treason. On July 7 the allies again entered Paris; on the
15th Napoleon surrendered to Captain Maitland of the British ship
Bellerophon, at Rochefort. He was taken to England, and thence sent as a
prisoner to the island of St. Helena, where he arrived October 15.

M