adison reelected President of the United States. Philadelphia began
construction of waterworks system. United States victorious in the war
with Algiers. The Holy Alliance formed, including all the rulers of Europe
excepting the Sultan of Turkey, the Pope, and the King of England. Davy
invented the safety lamp. Wollaston, English scientist, by means of
electricity, brought platinum to incandescence--the forerunner of the
incandescent electric light. Daniel O'Connell killed D'Esterre in a duel.
Anti-corn-law riots in England. Robert Fulton died. Financial depression
throughout the United States.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that for a hundred days
(March to June) Napoleon was in power in France, Louis XVIII having fled
from Paris.=

1816

Twenty years of continual warfare had left England with a debt of eight
hundred million pounds, with business at a standstill, riots general
throughout the country, and hundreds of thousands of discharged sailors
and soldiers added to the unemployed. Fouche was expelled from France by
the Bourbons, and Talleyrand replaced in the ministry by the Duc de
Richelieu. The Inquisition was reestablished in Spain, and stringent
measures employed in the effort to put down the revolts in the American
colonies. Bolivar, in Venezuela, inflicted serious losses on the
Spaniards. Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Paraguay, declared themselves
independent of Spain.

The United States still suffered from a general commercial and industrial
depression. First tariff imposed; New England, with Daniel Webster as its
leading orator, was at that time for free trade; the South, led by
Calhoun, was for protection. New England's shipping trade was practically
suspended as a result of the new tariff. Seminole Indian uprising in
Florida quelled. First savings-bank in the country opened in Philadelphia.
Indiana admitted to the Union. Freemasons expelled from Italy. Goods of
English manufacture excluded from Russia. Rebuilding of Moscow begun.
First form of the stethoscope invented by Laennec, of Paris.

Gouverneur Morris, American statesman, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan,
English dramatist and statesman, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1817

The United States entered upon the prosperous period known as the Era of
Good Feeling. Government land rapidly taken up by settlers, and people
began to push westward. Resumption of the trouble with the Seminoles on
the borde