ine and mead;
And what I saw and heard I wrote, that all of you might read.231

NOTES

[Such of the following notes as are not enclosed in brackets are by
Mickiewicz himself. They include the entire commentary that the poet
published with _Pan Tadeusz_. The other notes are either by the
translator or culled from the following books or suggested by them:--

Mickiewicz, _Pisma_, wyd. Kallenbach (Brody, 1911), tom v. (This includes
a "glossary" to _Pan Tadeusz_ by Franciszek Jerzy Jaroszynski.)

Mickiewicz, _Master Thaddeus; or, The Last Foray in Lithuania;_ translated
by Maude Ashurst Biggs, with notes by the translator and Edmond S.
Naganowski (London, 1885).

Mickiewicz, _OEuvres poetiques completes_, trad. Christien Ostrowski, ed. 4
(Paris, 1859).

Mickiewicz, _Herr Thaddaeus_, uebersetzt von Siegfried Lipiner, ed. 2
(Leipzig, 1898).

It was difficult to draw the line between direct quotation and mere
utilization of material. In particular, the translator's indebtedness to
Jaroszynski is much greater than the quotation marks here used would
indicate.]

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

[The following summary of a few important events in Polish history, and of
some of the leading features of Polish society and institutions, may be of
assistance to readers of _Pan Tadeusz_.

The Polish Commonwealth was formed by the union of two separate states,
Poland proper on the west, with a population predominantly Polish, and
Lithuania on the east, with a population Lithuanian in the north
(Lithuania proper) and Russian in the rest of its territory. After being
long at odds with each other and with the German Knights of the Cross,
these two states were united in 1386 by the marriage of Queen Jadwiga of
Poland to the heathen Prince Jagiello of Lithuania, who thereupon accepted
Christianity (p. 288). They remained under the dominion of the Jagiellos
until the last of the male line of that house, Zygmunt August (compare
note 64), died childless in 1572, and the throne became elective. The
union was at first very loose, depending only on the person of the
sovereign, but it became constantly closer, until in 1569 the two states
agreed to have a common Diet, sitting at Warsaw. Lithuania retained until
the last, however, its separate officials, treasury, and army (compare pp.
171 and 310, and note 29). A constant stream of colonisation flowed east
from Poland (called the Crown or the Kingdom) into Lithuania (p. 168),
until the g