" (pp. 3, 97, 325, 326). In the
next year (1798) Dombrowski aided the French in the capture of Rome, and
Kniaziewicz was put in command of the garrison on the Capitol (p. 31). In
1800 a new Polish force won laurels at Marengo and Hohenlinden (p. 286).
In return for these services Bonaparte did nothing whatever for the
restoration of Poland. The legions were sent oversea to reduce the negro
insurrection in the island of San Domingo, where the greater part of them
perished (1803; p. 31).

In 1806, after his victory at Jena (p. 176), Napoleon summoned the Poles
to his standards. A large force was organised, under the command of Prince
Joseph Poniatowski and Dombrowski. In the succeeding war, which includes
the siege and capture of Dantzic (p. 116) and the battle of
Preussisch-Eylau (p. 251),

Napoleon decisively defeated the Russians at Friedland (1807) and soon
after concluded the Peace of Tilsit (p. 161). By this treaty there was
created, out of a portion of the Polish lands received by Prussia at the
different partitions, a new state, known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and
ruled by the King of Saxony as a constitutional monarch under the
protection of Napoleon. The Niemen divided this new state from the portion
of Poland under the rule of Russia (pp. 31, 255).

The new Grand Duchy had to furnish troops in aid of Napoleon. In 1808 the
Polish light cavalry, led by Kozietulski, won glory by the capture of
Somosierra, a defile leading to Madrid (p. 286).

In 1809, after a war with Austria, in which he received valuable aid from
the Poles, Napoleon increased the Grand Duchy of Warsaw by lands taken
from that country. Tardy and ungenerous though his action had been, he had
thus done something to justify the hopes of the Poles that he would one
day reconstitute their Commonwealth as a whole. Hence it will be clear
with what enthusiasm Poland, and still more Lithuania, awaited the outcome
of a great war between Napoleon and Russia, such as was evidently
approaching in the year 1811. The Poles believed Napoleon to be
unconquerable, and trusted that when he had defeated Russia he would
proclaim the reunion of Lithuania with the Grand Duchy of Warsaw; then
Poland would live once more (pp. 160, 277).

The actual outcome of the war was a crushing blow to Polish hopes.
Napoleon's invasion of Russia resulted in his utter defeat; after his
flight home his army was defeated at Leipzig (1813), where Prince Joseph
Poniatowski met hi